Male Sprague-Dawley rats and human keratinocytes (human immortalized keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Further studies should determine the optimal dose when NSAIDs and opioid drugs are used together, and also explore the existence of one NSAID that has the potential to replace the traditional opioid drugs and can achieve adequate analgesia.Ĭopyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Methods: The electrical pain thresholds, 48-hour postoperative morphine consumption, concentrations of -endorphin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, skin and liver -endorphin expression, and plasma levels of endocannabinoids were measured in jaundiced (n 32) and control (n 32) patients. Whether NSAIDs can lead to the increased content of β-endorphin in all patients after any operation needs further investigation. However, the specific signal transduction pathways between prostaglandin E 2 or NSAIDs and β-endorphin are still not quite clear. β-Endorphin plays an important role in the development of hyperalgesia. It plays an irreplaceable role in the central and peripheral analgesia in the human body mainly through three mechanisms including three parts, the spinal cord, the supraspinal cord, and peripheries. β-Endorphin is one of the most prominent endogenous peptides, existing in the hypophysis cerebri and hypothalamus. It means that a central analgesic mechanism of the action of NSAIDs exists besides the peripheral mechanism, and the central mechanism likely involves β-endorphin. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that NSAIDs have an analgesic effect not only in the periphery but also at the center. They are well known for inducing peripheral analgesia by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX). NSAIDs are commonly used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. This study aimed to review research on the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on β-endorphin.
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